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NASA seeks to overcome landing challenges with simulations
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NASA is gearing up for an era of lunar exploration more extensive than ever before with the Artemis program.
Propelled by both human and robotic missions, Artemis envisions establishing a sustained human presence on the lunar surface and pushing the boundaries of scientific discovery and technological advancement.
These ambitious goals, however, come with their share of challenges. Unlike the Apollo missions, which were equipped with smaller landers, the upcoming Artemis missions will deploy larger spacecraft armed with more powerful engines.
This greater power and weight pose considerable risks during the crucial phases of landing and liftoff. Mission planners are diligently working to comprehend the complex interactions between the future landers and the lunar surface they intend to explore to mitigate these risks.
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The complexity of lunar landings
Landing on the Moon is no straightforward feat. The descent and ascent of spacecraft involve navigating an extreme environment characterized by low gravity and the absence of atmosphere.
The peculiar properties of lunar regolith— the layer of fine dust and rock covering the Moon's surface— further add to this list. When a spacecraft descends or ascends, its engines emit supersonic plumes of hot gas, creating a dynamic interplay with the lunar surface.
This interaction, known as plume-surface interaction (PSI), presents a series of challenges. The intense forces generated by the plumes can kick up dust, rocks, and debris at high speeds, potentially causing hazards such as visual obstructions, interference with navigation and scientific instruments, and damage to the lander and surrounding hardware.
Moreover, these plumes have the potential to erode the lunar surface beneath the lander, a phenomenon not observed during the Apollo missions.
The unanswered question looms large: How will the larger landers slated for Artemis missions impact the lunar surface? Will they trigger rapid cratering, posing risks to the stability of the lander and the safety of astronauts on board?
To gain insights into these critical queries, NASA scientists and engineers are turning to cutting-edge technology and simulation tools.
A leap with supercomputer simulations
To enhance their understanding of plume-surface interactions, researchers at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, have developed sophisticated software tools, according to a statement released by NASA.
These tools, powered by the Pleaides supercomputer at NASA's Ames Research Center in Silicon Valley, California, aim to predict the environmental impact of engine plumes on the Moon for upcoming missions. The simulations, run over several weeks, generate terabytes of data, offering unprecedented insights into the complexities of lunar landings.
A significant simulation among these is that of the Apollo 12 lander engine plumes interacting with the lunar surface.
This simulation, depicting the last half-minute of descent before engine cut-off, accurately predicted the forces exerted by plumes on a flat computational surface. Known as shear stress, this lateral force is a key contributor to erosion as fluids flow across a surface. The simulation's radial patterns vividly display the intensity of predicted shear stress, with lower stress represented in dark purple and higher stress in yellow.
NASA's new software tools are not confined to historical simulations. Already in use for upcoming lunar missions, including the Human Landing System and Commercial Lunar Payload Services initiative, these tools enable mission planners to predict cratering and visual obscuration and minimize risks to spacecraft and crew during future lunar landings.
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