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US scientists simulate heartbeats to recharge pacemaker battery
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Researchers at the University of Washington (UW) in Seattle successfully designed a leadless pacemaker that can be partially charged using energy generated by the beating heart. The research findings will be presented at the American Heart Association's (AHA) Scientific Sessions to be held later this weekend, a press release said.
Pacemakers are small devices that detect a patient's heartbeat and send electrical pulses to the heart if it needs to be paced. According to the AHA's report, as many as 93,000 pacemaker and defibrillator procedures were performed in the US in 2018.
In its early days, pacemakers had wires or leads connected to the heart and a power source located on the skin of the left shoulder. With improvements in technology, pacemakers became leadless and small enough to fit the right ventricle of the heart along with the battery. Since the battery of a pacemaker does not last over 15 years, patients with leadless pacemakers need to undergo another procedure to fit a new device since the battery cannot be replaced.
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Charging the pacemaker battery
Babak Nazer, an associate professor of medicine at UW, wondered if the mechanical energy of the beating heart could be converted into electricity to charge the internal battery.
"Just like ultrasound converts electrical voltage into pressure or sound, we can engineer similar materials onto implantable medical devices to convert the heart’s natural oscillating pressures ‘backward’ into voltage to prolong battery life," Nazer said in a press release.
Nazer's team then designed three prototype devices to determine if such an approach could work. They tested the three devices in a cardiac pressure simulator to determine the voltage output generated using this approach. The prototypes were similar to leadless pacemakers used today and no larger than a third of a standard AAA battery.
Results and the Way Ahead
The researchers placed the three prototypes into a machine to simulate the heart's pressure when beating 60 times a minute. They recorded the energy these prototypes could generate from them.
The team found that the best-performing prototype could generate approximately 10 percent of the charge needed to pace the next beat. The recharging capability might not be much, but it can still help prolong the battery life. Younger patients who need pacemakers now have to undergo multiple procedures during their lifetime when the battery life ends.
"We hope to prolong battery life further and expand access of this product to younger patients, who would hopefully require fewer implants over their lifetime," Nazer added. "Our next step is to optimize materials and fabrication to improve energy harvesting efficiency and then show we can do so consistently in long-term studies." In the future, the researchers hope to collaborate with pacemaker manufacturers who will incorporate their design into existing pacemakers.
However, it won't be an easy road to success. To begin with, the experiments were carried out in simulators, and results can vary when the technology is used on people. Also, the team only looked at one function of the pacemaker: the pacing of the beat. Other functions, such as sensing the heart rate and communications with the pacemakers, are also significant consumers of battery power, which the team did not cover in their study.
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