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A sustainable way of building lunar roads by melting regolith
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It is almost certain that if human settlement is to expand outside Earth, the Moon will make it at the top of the list of places that could host a colony in the solar system. However, because of the low lunar gravity, the suspended dust formed as lunar rovers travel across the lunar soil poses a considerable risk to lunar missions since it can interfere with the exploration equipment.
Construction of roads and landing pads on the Moon is one answer to this challenge; also, in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) techniques must be developed to boost the sustainability of future lunar missions.
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Aiming to help further these missions, a project by the European Space Agency has proposed to create components with molten regolith found on the lunar surface, which can be employed during human and robotic lunar excursions to pave huge regions and aid in the resolution of dust attenuation issues on the lunar surface.
According to behind its project PAVER (Paving the road for large area sintering of regolith, this technology is expected to play a significant role in the initial phase (survivability) of lunar infrastructure and base building and to contribute to all stages of lunar exploration throughout time: robotic lunar exploration, survival, sustainability, and operational phase.
Practical method
The most promising technology in comparison to alternative lunar manufacturing methods is regolith casting. This involves heating the lunar material within a mold until the regolith melts, then chilling it to create a completely dense sample. The degree of crystallization of the samples obtained is affected by the nature of the lunar simulant and the chilling procedure used.
In order to explore this possibility, the research looked at whether melting regolith with a large beam of focused light is a viable method for paving purposes on the Moon. Also in consideration was the time and power necessary to make geometric forms by laser melting with a big spot, the quality of the parts, and the maximum size of the components.
In terms of raw materials and energy, solar energy and lunar regolith are both readily available on the Moon, implying that direct sintering or melting of the regolith is a viable strategy for producing items on the lunar surface.
In the experiment, a high-power CO2 laser was utilized to emulate a solar concentrator and a lunar regolith analog was employed to represent lunar soil. Furthermore, because of the huge beam spot (up to 100 mm), extensive samples with a high thickness may be manufactured.
Geometric forms
The team used laser beams of various intensities and sizes (up to 12 kilowatts and 100 millimeters wide) to build a durable material, but they discovered that crisscrossing or overlapping the laser beam path caused breaking. They devised a method for producing triangular, hollow-centered geometric forms of roughly 250 millimeters in size using a laser beam with a diameter of 45 millimeters. The authors propose that they might be linked to form a solid surface across significant sections of lunar soil that could function as highways and landing pads.
The findings of this study demonstrated the viability of this technique for fabricating large samples with interlocking capabilities directly on the lunar surface and arranged for paving applications (without the need for additional manufacturing equipment such as furnaces or moulds).
What makes this process highly sustainable is the only equipment required is a solar concentrator, which needs to be carried from Earth and erected on the Moon for this technology's use scenario. Considering the needed wattage and using a Fresnel lens as a light concentrator. "The relatively small size of the required equipment and the simplicity of the system would be an advantage for the use of this technology in future missions on the Moon," said the study.
The details regarding the research were published in the journal Scientific Reports.
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