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US hypersonic vehicles may soon ‘sweat’ to stay cool, says RTX
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Imagine flying faster than five times the speed of sound and reaching any destination in the world in hours. This is the vision of hypersonic flight, which can potentially transform the future of aviation.
Ablation
However, achieving this feat is not easy, as it involves overcoming extreme temperatures of over 2,200 °C (4,000 °F) that can melt or damage most materials. The phenomenon called 'ablation' deforms any vehicle's angular shape post the speed of Mach 5 due to intense heat, which affects the overall performance of the vehicle and efficiency.
To solve this problem, the RTX Technology Research Center has developed a novel idea: make the hypersonic vehicles sweat like humans. The center, which is working under a contract from the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), has developed a cooling system prototype that mimics the human body's natural way of regulating heat.
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The system consists of a network of tiny channels embedded in the leading edges of the hypersonic vehicle, which are the parts that face the most heat. These channels deliver a liquid coolant to the vehicle's surface, where it evaporates and takes away heat. This way, the vehicle can maintain its shape and aerodynamics, which is crucial for stable and efficient flight.
John Sharon, the center's project team leader, said that they used predictive modeling and advanced micro-machining to create a test article that resembled a credit card with a wedge shape. They then exposed it to two different heat sources: a burner rig that was like a giant crème brûlée torch and an electrical arc that simulated the conditions of hypersonic flight.
The team found that the test article survived both tests without any significant damage, proving the feasibility of their concept. The next step, Sharon said, is to scale up the test article to the size of an actual hypersonic vehicle and make the channels even smaller for better performance. He added that the same technology could also be used for other applications, such as protecting gas turbine blades from heat.
Sharon praised his team for their innovative work and said they faced a tough challenge. "When you're flying five-plus times the speed of sound, the temperature can rise very quickly – in a fraction of a second," he said. "The folks on the team involved with modeling did an awesome job estimating how long the test article would survive."
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