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Tungsten oxide hydrate: the future of smart windows
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Dynamic windows have long been the dream of architects and engineers, promising buildings that adapt to varying light and temperature conditions.
Now, researchers from NC State University have taken a giant leap forward in this field by unveiling a revolutionary material known as tungsten oxide hydrate. This innovation could pave the way for the next generation of dynamic windows, offering building occupants the ability to switch their windows between three distinct modes: transparency, infrared light blocking, and glare control, according to a university release.
A breakthrough in intelligent window technology
Dynamic windows, which change their opacity in response to electric stimulus, have been a research topic for some time. However, until now, most dynamic windows were limited to being either completely clear or fully dark. Veronica Augustyn, co-corresponding author of the research paper and a distinguished scholar at North Carolina State University, explained the significance of their work, stating, "Our work demonstrates that there are more options available. Specifically, we've shown that you can allow light to pass through the windows while still helping to keep buildings cooler and thus more energy efficient."
See AlsoWater: the key ingredient
The key to this groundbreaking development lies in the inclusion of water. Researchers found that the material exhibits previously unknown properties when water is bound within the crystalline structure of tungsten oxide, forming tungsten oxide hydrate. Due to their natural transparency, tungsten oxides have been a staple in developing dynamic windows. However, when an electrical signal is applied, along with injecting lithium ions and electrons, these materials turn dark and block light.
Tuning light with precision
The researchers discovered that they could precisely control which wavelengths of light are blocked by injecting lithium ions and electrons into tungsten oxide hydrate. Initially, the material transitions into a "heat blocking" phase, allowing visible light to pass while blocking infrared light. With further injection of lithium ions and electrons, the material enters a "dark" phase, blocking visible and infrared light.
Delia Milliron, co-corresponding author of the paper, and Ernest Cockrell, Sr. Chair #1 in Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin, emphasized the potential impact of this discovery, saying, "The discovery of dual-band (infrared and visible) light control in a single material that's already well-known to the smart windows community may accelerate the development of commercial products with enhanced features." Furthermore, she suggested that this breakthrough could inspire innovation beyond smart windows, leading to energy storage and conversion materials advancements.
Water's role in structural stability
Jenelle Fortunato, the first author of the paper and a postdoctoral fellow at NC State, shed light on the role of water in this transformation, stating, "The presence of water in the crystalline structure makes the structure less dense, so the structure is more resistant to deformation when lithium ions and electrons are injected into the material." This unique characteristic creates two distinct modes: a "cool" mode that absorbs infrared light and a "dark" mode that blocks visible and infrared light.
In conclusion, tungsten oxide hydrate has opened up exciting possibilities for the world of smart windows, offering a versatile solution that could revolutionize the way buildings use and conserve energy. This development brings us one step closer to creating environmentally friendly and energy-efficient structures for a sustainable future.
Study abstract:
The independent modulation of visible and near-infrared light by a single material, termed dual-band electrochromism, is highly desirable for smart windows to enhance the energy efficiency of buildings. Tungsten oxides are commercially important electrochromic materials, exhibiting reversible visible and near-infrared absorption when electrochemically reduced in an electrolyte containing small cations or protons. The presence of structural water in tungsten oxides has been associated with faster electrochromic switching speeds. Here, we find that WO3·H2O, a crystalline hydrate, exhibits dual-band electrochromism unlike the anhydrous WO3. This provides a heretofore unexplored route to tune the electrochromic response of tungsten oxides. Absorption of near-infrared light is achieved at low Li+/e– injection, followed by the absorption of visible light at higher Li+/e– injection as a result of an electrochemically induced phase transition. We propose that the dual-band modulation is possible due to the more open structure of WO3·H2O as compared to WO3. This facilitates a more extended solid-solution Li+ insertion regime that benefits the modulation of near-infrared radiation via plasmon absorption. Higher degrees of Li+/e– insertion lead to polaronic absorption associated with localized charge storage. These results inform how structural factors influence the electrochemically induced spectral response of transition-metal oxides and the important role of structural water beyond optical switching speed.
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