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This material mimics mussels to connect living and non
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Mussels are not only delicious, they have inherent traits that have inspired scientists for years. For instance, their hinges were found to exhibit an incredible ability to distribute the forces acting upon them, mitigating stress concentration and preventing fractures.
This led to researchers replicating their structure to create new more resilient materials. The study of mussels has even led to creating a superglue that can be used underwater.
Connecting living and non-living tissue
Now, McGill researchers have mimicked the marine mussel byssus to create a material that connects living and non-living tissue. The resulting substance is strong when it needs to be but can also let go to release the two tissues when their connection is no longer required.
See Also Related- This mussel-inspired glue might be the best underwater adhesive
- Mussels produce deformable hard tissue with remarkable fatigue resistance
The byssus is a bundle of silky threads produced by mussels that allows them to attach themselves to surfaces in their marine environment. The byssus is a unique adaptation that is used by these mollusks to anchor themselves to rocks, substrates, or other surfaces present in the aquatic world.
This adaptation helps them resist the forces of waves and currents in their natural habitat allowing them to survive in rather harsh conditions. This is because the byssal threads composing the byssus are both durable and elastic, providing a secure and resilient attachment.
All these traits have been been recreated by the scientists in their new invention referred to as a biointerface.
“Up to this point, it was baffling how the byssus stem root biointerface could be strong enough to resist constant crashing waves but also be suddenly released by the mussel upon demand,” said McGill professor of Chemistry Matthew Harrington. “It seemed as if the mussel could somehow control its strength.”
An impressively resilient interface
Further experiments by the scientists led to the discovery that the stem root of the byssus divides into around 40-50 sheets known as lamellae that interlock with the live tissue, forming an extraordinarily robust interface similar to interleaving two phone books together.
“The biggest surprise is how this strength can be lowered through the beating movements of billions of tiny hair-like cilia on the surface of the living tissue. Cilia movement is under the control of the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine, enabling the quick release of the whole stem root on demand.” explained Harrington.
He added that his team’s stem root biointerface is unlike anything observed in man-made materials and could serve as a model for the future generation of biointerfaces. Because future medical improvements may rely on new biointerface designs, these discoveries may have an influence on human health and may boast a variety of applications such as the creation of bio-implants, wearable sensors, brain-computer interfaces and more.
The study is published in Science.
Study abstract:
The mussel byssus stem provides a strong and compact mechanically mismatched biointerface between living tissue and a nonliving biopolymer. Yet, in a poorly understood process, mussels can simply jettison their entire byssus, rebuilding a new one in just hours. We characterized the structure and composition of the byssus biointerface using histology, confocal Raman mapping, phase contrast–enhanced microcomputed tomography, and advanced electron microscopy, revealing a sophisticated junction consisting of abiotic biopolymer sheets interdigitated between living extracellular matrix. The sheet surfaces are in intimate adhesive contact with billions of motile epithelial cilia that control biointerface strength and stem release through their collective movement, which is regulated neurochemically. We posit that this may involve a complex sensory pathway by which sessile mussels respond to environmental stresses to release and relocate.
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